Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

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Conrad III (1093-1152), king of Germany (1138-1152), founder of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman emperors, a younger son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, who was Count of Hohenstaufen. Conrad's uncle, Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, appointed hi m Duke of Franconia in 1115 and a regent of Germany in 1116. Upon Henry's death in 1125 Conrad joined his brother Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, in unsuccessfully disputing the imperial election of Lothair II, Duke of Saxony, who was also electe d king of Germany. Conrad was elected king (or so-called antiking) of Germany in 1127. A war between the rivals ensued. Conrad went to Milan, where he was crowned king of Italy in 1128. The pope crowned Lothair as Holy Roman emperor in 1133 and tw o years later Conrad acknowledged Lothair as emperor. After Lothair's death in 1137 Conrad was again elected king of the Germans. Although the pope no longer rejected him, events in the empire prevented Conrad from receiving a formal coronatio n as Holy Roman emperor. Conrad's chief enemy was Lothair's son-in-law, Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who refused to submit to Conrad's authority. The centuries-long war between the Welf family, to which Henry belonged, and the Hohenstaufens, also know n as the Waiblingen, originated during Conrad's reign. Conrad's struggle with the Welfs and his other unsuccessful efforts to consolidate the empire were interrupted by the calling of the Second Crusade (1147-1149), in which he took a leading part . He was succeeded by his nephew, Duke Frederick of Swabia, who became emperor as Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa).1

1"Conrad III," Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 99 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Occupation:
keiser

Family/Spouse: Gertude VON SULZBACH. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Swaben

Notes:

Hohenstaufen, noble German family, members of which were rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and kings of Germany and Sicily. The family name was derived from the ancestral castle at Staufen (near present-day Stuttgart). The family gained prominenc e in 1079 with the marriage of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, to Agnes, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. The royal and imperial line began in 1138 when their son, Conrad III, was elected German king. This line included the Holy Roman Emp erors and German kings Frederick I, Barbarossa, who was also King of Italy, and Henry VI, also King of Sicily. Frederick II was Holy Roman Emperor, as well as King of Germany, Sicily, and Jerusalem. Other Hohenstaufen rulers were Philip, Kin g of Germany; Conrad IV, King of Germany and Sicily; Manfred, King of Sicily; and Conradin, who was killed while defending his right to rule Sicily. Enzio, an illegitimate son of Frederick II, assumed the title of King of Sardinia but was imprison ed; with his death the family line ended. From the accession of Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen family came into conflict with another German family, the Guelphs, or Welfs.1

1"Hohenstaufen," Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 99 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Fra Britannicus: Hohenstaufen Dynasty also called STAUFER DYNASTY, German dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1138 to 1208 and from 1212 to 1254. The founder of the line was the count Frederick (died 1105), who built Staufen Castle in the Swabian Jura Mountains and was rewar ded for his fidelity to Emperor Henry IV by being appointed duke of Swabia as Frederick I in 1079. He later married Henry's daughter Agnes. His two sons, Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Conrad, were the heirs of their uncle, Emperor Henry V, wh o died childless in 1125. After the interim reign of the Saxon Lothair III, Conrad became German king and Holy Roman emperor as Conrad III in 1138. Subsequent Hohenstaufen rulers were Frederick I Barbarossa (Holy Roman emperor 1155-90), Henr y VI (Holy Roman emperor 1191-97), Philip of Swabia (king 1198- 1208), Frederick II (king, 1212-50, emperor 1220-50), and Conrad IV (king 1237-54). The Hohenstaufen, especially Frederick I and Frederick II, continued the struggle with the papac y that began under their Salian predecessors, and were active in Italian affairs. The imperial dynasty was interrupted in 1208-12 by the brief reign of Otto IV, duke of Aquitaine of the House of Welf

Occupation:
hertug

Friederich married Agnes Av TYSKLAND. Agnes (daughter of Heinrich IV Av TYSKLAND and Bertha VON SAVOY) was born about 1060 in Tyskland; and died. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Occupation:
prinsesse

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1053 og ble kronet til keiser i "The Holy Roman Empire" i 1084. Han var gift andre gang med Praxedis av Kiev, datter til Storfyrst Wsewolods av Kiev. Sønnene gjorde opprør mot ham og støttet paven. Sønnen Heinrich satte ham i fengs el.

Occupation:
konge og Keiser

Heinrich married Bertha VON SAVOY. Bertha was born in Savoy; died in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Hun var datter av grev Ottos von Savoy

Occupation:
keiserinne

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1028, og keiser i 1046 i "The holy Roman Empire" Henry III (b. Oct. 28, 1017--d. Oct. 5, 1056, Pfalz Bodfeld, near Goslar, Saxony), duke of Bavaria (as Henry VI, 1027-41), duke of Swabia (as Henry I, 1038-45), German king (from 1039), and Holy Roman emperor (1046-56), member of the Salian dynast y. He was a powerful advocate of the Cluniac reform movement that sought to purify the Western Church in the 11th century, the last emperor able to dominate the papacy. Youth and marriage. Henry was the son of the emperor Conrad II and Gisela of Swabia. He was more thoroughly trained for his office than almost any other crown prince before or after. With the Emperor's approval, Gisela had taken charge of his upbringing, and she sa w to it that he was educated by a number of tutors and acquired an interest in literature. In 1036 Henry married Gunhilda (Kunigunde), the young daughter of King Canute of England, Denmark, and Sweden. Because her father had died shortly before, the union with this frail and ailing girl brought with it no political advantages. She die d in 1038, and the emperor Conrad died the following year. His 22-year-old successor as German king resembled him in appearance. From his mother Henry inherited much, especially her strong inclination to piety and church services. His accession to the throne, unlike that of his two predecessors, did no t lead to civic unrest, but his reign was burdensome from the beginning. Probably over questions of principle, the self-willed emperor quarrelled with the aging Gisela during her last years. He devoted his energies above all to the contemporary movement to bring an end to war among Christian princes, although his own policies were not always pacific. In possession of the duchies of Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Carinthia, he had att empted to carry on his father's policy of supremacy in the east and, in fact, attained sovereignty over Bohemia and Moravia. It may have been at this time that Henry, prematurely believing he had reached the zenith of his power, displayed openly, as if it were a matter of governmental policy, his leanings toward the clerical-reform party. Intending to re-create a theocr atic age like that of Charlemagne, he failed to realize that this could be done only as long as the papacy was powerless. (see also Index: church and state) Still a childless widower, he married Agnes, the daughter of William V of Aquitaine and Poitou, in 1043. The match must have been intended primarily to cement peace in the west and to assure imperial sovereignty over Burgundy and Italy, and Agnes ' total devotion to the church reform advocated by the Cluniac monasteries probably confirmed Henry in his decision to take her for his wife. In November 1050 she bore him a son, who later became the emperor Henry IV. There followed another boy , Conrad, and three daughters. What Henry still lacked was the highest honour--his coronation as emperor at the hands of the pope. Control of the papacy. When Henry reached Rome in 1046, three rivals were claiming the papacy. Henry wanted a pacified Italy, in which German supremacy was uncontested, and he wanted to receive the imperial crown from unsullied hands. He convoked a synod at Sutri, which , at his bidding, elected as the new pope a German, Suidger, bishop of Bamberg, who was inaugurated as Clement II. On the same day the new pope crowned the imperial couple. Rome became an imperial city, and the control over the church--i.e., the decisive vote in future conclaves--passed into the hands of the German king. In succeeding years Henry made use of this right to appoint a pope three more times. When the Nor mans were beginning their conquest of Calabria, Henry did not intervene to any extent in southern Italy; instead he left this problem to Pope Leo IX, who was defeated by the Normans. (see also Index: papacy) Believing that the basis of his power was secure, the Emperor expected to be as successful with his internal projects as he had been in foreign affairs; but this was not to be the case. He could not carry out his ecclesiastical reforms in German y or its neighbouring territories because he was virtually without friends among the clergy. He was increasingly opposed by the Scandinavian Church and by that of the Saxons. Also, he had to contend during most of his reign with Godfrey II, duk e of Upper Lorraine, whom he repeatedly pardoned instead of disciplining. There was unrest everywhere. In 1054-55, dukes Conrad of Bavaria and Welf III of Carinthia attempted to overthrow Henry's rule through a widely spread conspiracy, and only their demise saved him from great trouble. Conrad, who had fled to Hungary , managed to subvert that country to such an extent that German influence remained permanently weakened. Although resistance against him stiffened with time, Henry continued to rule with moderation. Perhaps because he was aware of a lessenin g of his powers, his actions became haphazard. Instead of holding on to duchies that he had inherited, he entrusted them to others; but he chose badly and seldom acted decisively against his disloyal feudatories. He no longer inspired fear in hi s opponents--the Saxon and south German lay nobility, the alliance between Lorraine and Tuscany, the increasingly independent papacy, and the adventure-seeking Normans. Opponents of the Emperor's policy thought it was excessively indulgent toward the church and hostile toward the lay princes. Some of this criticism was voiced among the ranks of the ecclesiastical reformers. Matters had come to such an impasse tha t Henry no longer pleased anyone. His demands on the people to support his military strength were heavy from the beginning, and his revenues from inheritances and confiscations were also considerable. If the empire's basic wealth did not increas e in his reign, it was because he used it to fulfill the demands of his clerical friends, even as he bestowed duchies on lay nobles in order to appease them. It is not surprising that, under these circumstances, he was compelled to find other sour ces of revenue by seeking credits, foreclosing mortgages, and looking after the interests of his treasury when conferring high imperial offices or church benefices. The abolition of simony (the sale of church offices) was difficult even for as hig h-principled a ruler as Henry, and, as a result, his enemies accused him of greed. According to some sources, in his old age Henry was rumoured to have become "untrue to himself " and inaccessible to the common people; he was reported to have refu sed to grant a judicial hearing to "the poor." In contrast, in the early years of his reign, he could not be praised enough for his zeal in the administration of justice. Disintegration of the empire. His change of personality may have resulted from the blunders and failures of his rule. After 1046 this man, shaped partly by religious ideals and partly by the harsh realities of political life, saw all his gains being swept away: northeastern Ge rmany, Hungary, southern Italy, and Lorraine. Even the part of his work that he considered his very own, church reform, began to turn against him. A high priest among men, who did penance even while ruthlessly persecuting and even hanging heretics , Henry learned at the end of his days that clemency, goodness, and earthly justice do not necessarily benefit a prince. On the other hand, it may have been a physical disease that changed Henry. In 1045 he was so tortured with illness that negotiations concerning the succession were begun. The bad tidings from all corners of the empire must have complicated his con dition. In September 1056 he fell sick in his favourite residence, the imperial palace at Bodfeld near Goslar, and, having assured the succession of his son Henry, he died in October. (H.L.M.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is no contemporary biography, English-language work, or detailed treatise on Henry III. Ernst Steindorff, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III, 2 vol. (1874-81), is still the only comprehensive treatment. See also Die Urkunde n Heinrichs III, ed. by Harry Bresslau and Paul Kehr (1931), vol. 5 in the "Monumenta Germaniae historica Series"; Paul Kehr, Vier Kapital aus der Geschichte Kaiser Heinrichs III (1931); Gerhart Ladner, Theologie und Politik vor dem Investiturstre it: Abendmahlstreit, Kirchenreform, Cluni und Heinrich III (1936, reprinted 1968); Ernst Mueller, Das Itinerar Kaiser Heinrichs III, 1039 bis 1056 (1901); Heinrich Appelt, "Heinrich III," Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. 8, pp. 313-315 (1969); Carol ine M. Ryley, Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3, pp. 272-308 (1922). Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica

Occupation:
konge og Keiser

Heinrich married Gunhild Knutsdtr Av DANMARK. Gunhild (daughter of Knut (Canute) II Den STORE and Emma Av NORMANDI) was born about 1015 in Danmark; died in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Occupation:
keiserinne