Otto I "Der Grosse" Av TYSKLAND

0912 - 0973  (60 years)

• Name	Otto I "Der Grosse" Av TYSKLAND
  Nickname	Der Grosse
  Birth	23 Nov 0912	Tyskland
  Gender	Male
  Occupation	keiser
  Residence	Tyskland
  Death	7 May 0973	Tyskland
  Notes	Otto I (Holy Roman Empire), called Otto the Great (912-973), Holy Roman emperor (962-973), king of Germany (936-973), the son of the German king Henry I. After subduing an uprising of nobles incited by his brother, Otto consolidated his kingdo m by granting duchies to faithful relatives and followers. In 951 he marched to Italy to assist Adelaide, the widowed queen of Lombardy, against Berengar II, who had usurped the kingdom. Otto defeated Berengar and married Adelaide, thereby becomin g ruler of northern Italy. When he returned to Germany, he again crushed a rebellion of nobles led by his son Liudolf and halted a Hungarian invasion in 955. In 962 he was crowned Holy Roman emperor. In 963 he deposed Pope John XII and had Leo VII I elected in his stead. Otto sought to make the Church subordinate to the authority of the empire, but assisted in spreading Christianity throughout his domain. He negotiated unsuccessfully with the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus II Phocas for an al liance between the Byzantine and Holy Roman empires, but was able to arrange a marriage between his son Otto II and Theophano, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Romanus II. FRA BRITANNICUS Otto I, byname OTTO THE GREAT, German OTTO DER GROSSE (b. Nov. 23, 912--d. May 7, 973, Memleben, Thuringia), duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936-961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962-973), who consolidated the German Reich by hi s suppression of rebellious vassals and his decisive victory over the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a secure empire and stimulated a cultural renaissance. Early years. Otto was the son of the future king Henry I, of the Liudolfing, or Saxon, dynasty, and his second wife, Matilda. Little is known of his early years, but he probably shared in some of his father's campaigns. He married Edith, daughter of the Englis h king Edward the Elder, in 930; she obtained as her dowry the flourishing town of Magdeburg. Nominated by Henry as his successor, Otto was elected king by the German dukes at Aachen on Aug. 7, 936, a month after Henry's death, and crowned by th e archbishops of Mainz and Cologne. While Henry I had controlled his vassal dukes only with difficulty, the new king firmly asserted his suzerainty over them. This led immediately to war, especially with Eberhard of Franconia and his namesake, Eberhard of Bavaria, who were joine d by discontented Saxon nobles under the leadership of Otto's half-brother Thankmar. Thankmar was defeated and killed, the Franconian Eberhard submitted to the King, and Eberhard of Bavaria was deposed and outlawed. In 939, however, Otto's younge r brother Henry revolted; he was joined by Eberhard of Franconia and by Giselbert of Lotharingia and supported by the French king Louis IV. Otto was again victorious: Eberhard fell in battle, Giselbert was drowned in flight, and Henry submitte d to his brother. Nevertheless, in 941 Henry joined a conspiracy to murder the King. This was discovered in time, and, whereas the other conspirators were punished, Henry was again forgiven. Thenceforward he remained faithful to his brother and , in 947, was given the dukedom of Bavaria. The other German dukedoms were likewise bestowed on relatives of Otto. Foreign conquests. Despite these internal difficulties, Otto found time to strengthen and to extend the frontiers of the kingdom. In the east the margraves Gero and Hermann Billung were successful against the Slavs, and their gains were consolidated by the foundin g of the Monastery of St. Maurice in Magdeburg, in 937, and of two bishoprics, in 948. In the north, three bishoprics (followed in 968 by a fourth) were founded to extend the Christian mission in Denmark. Otto's first campaign in Bohemia was, howe ver, a failure, and it was not until 950 that the Bohemian prince Boleslav I was forced to submit and to pay tribute. Having thus strengthened his own position, Otto could not only resist France's claims to Lorraine (Lotharingia) but also act as mediator in France's internal troubles. Similarly, he extended his influence into Burgundy. Moreover, when the Burgundi an princess Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy whom the margrave Berengar of Ivrea had taken prisoner, appealed to him for help, Otto marched into Italy in 951, assumed the title of king of the Lombards, and married Adelaide himself, his firs t wife having died in 946. In 952 Berengar did homage to him as his vassal for the kingdom of Italy. Otto had to break off his first Italian campaign because of a revolt in Germany, where Liudolf, his son by Edith, had risen against him with the aid of several magnates. Otto found himself compelled to withdraw to Saxony; but the position of th e rebels began to deteriorate when the Magyars invaded Germany in 954, for the rebels could now be accused of complicity with the enemies of the Reich. After prolonged fighting, Liudolf had to submit in 955. This made it possible for Otto to defea t the Magyars decisively in the Battle of the Lechfeld, near Augsburg, in August 955; they never invaded Germany again. In the same year Otto and the margrave Gero also won a victory over the Slavs. A further series of campaigns led, by 960, to th e subjection of the Slavs between the middle Elbe and the middle Oder. The archbishopric of Magdeburg was founded in 968 with three suffragan bishoprics. Even Mieszko of Poland paid tribute to the German king. (see also Index: Lechfeld, Battle of ) Coronation as emperor. In May 961 Otto procured the election and coronation of the six-year-old Otto II, his elder son by Adelaide, as German king. Then he went for a second time to Italy on the appeal of Pope John XII, who was hard pressed by Berengar of Ivrea. Arrivin g in Rome on Feb. 2, 962, Otto was crowned emperor, and 11 days later a treaty, known as the Privilegium Ottonianum, was concluded, to regulate relations between emperor and pope. This confirmed and extended the temporal power of the papacy, bu t it is a matter of controversy whether the proviso enabling the emperor to ratify papal elections was included in the original version of the treaty or added in December 963, when Otto deposed John XII for treating with Berengar and set up Leo VI II as pope. Berengar was captured and taken to Germany, and in 964 a revolt of the Romans against Leo VIII was suppressed. When Leo VIII died in 965, the Emperor chose John XIII for pope, but John was expelled by the Romans. Otto, therefore, marched for a third time to Italy, where he stayed from 966 to 972. He subdued Rome and even advanced into the Byzantine sout h of Italy. Prolonged negotiations with Byzantium resulted in the marriage of Otto II to the Byzantine princess Theophano, in 972. Having returned to Germany, the Emperor held a great assembly of his court at Quedlinburg on March 23, 973. He die d in Memleben several weeks later and was buried in Magdeburg at the side of his first wife. Assessment. Otto I's achievement rests mainly on his consolidation of the Reich. He deliberately made use of the bishops to strengthen his rule and thus created that "Ottonian church system of the Reich" that was to provide a stable and long-lasting framewor k for Germany. By his victorious campaigns, he gave Germany peace and security from foreign attack, and the preeminent position that he won as ruler gave him a sort of hegemony in Europe. His Italian policy and the acquisition of the imperial crow n constituted a link with the old Carolingian tradition and was to prove a great responsibility for the German people in the future. All areas under Otto's rule prospered, and the resultant flowering of culture has been called the Ottonian renaiss ance. (Ku.R.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rudolf Koepke and Ernst Duemmler, Jahrbücher der deutschen Geschichte: Kaiser Otto der Grosse (1876; 2nd ed. 1962), a description of the actual events in chronological order and the people involved; Gerd Tellenbach, "Otto der Grosse, 912-973, " in Die grossen Deutschen, new ed., vol. 1, pp. 35-51 (1956), a short character sketch; Hermann Aubin, Otto der Grosse und die Erneuerung des abendländischen Kaisertums im Jahre 962 (1962); and Helmut Beumann and Heinrich Buettner, Das Kaisertu m Ottos des Grossen (1963)--all assess the historical significance of the renewal of the empire. Very little has been published on Otto I in English. John J. Gallagher, Church and State in Germany Under Otto the Great (1938); and chapters by C.W . Previte-Orton and A.L. Poole in The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3 (1964), are of interest. Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica
  Person ID	I36647	Valdres Slekt
  Last Modified	20 Nov 2007

  
  

  Father	Henrik I Av SACHSEN,   b. 876, Sachsen d. 936, Tyskland (Age 60 years)
  Mother	Mathilda Av OLDENBURG,   b. Abt 880, Ringelheim d. Yes, date unknown
  Family ID	F1953	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family	Adelaide Av LOMBARDY,   b. Burgund d. Tyskland
  Children	+ 1. Liutgard Av OTTOMANENE,   b. Tyskland d. Lothringen + 2. Otto II Av TYSKLAND,   b. 935, Tyskland d. 983, Tyskland (Age 48 years)
  Family ID	F13434	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart
  Last Modified	20 Nov 2007