Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: England

Notes:

Johan uten land (eng. John Lackland), 1167-1216, konge av England 1199, Rikard Løvehjertes bror og etterfølger, fikk sitt tilnavn fordi han ikke hadde noe len som prins. En strid med Innocens 3 førte til at han 1213 anerkjente paven som sin lenshe rre. Etter en stormannsreisning ble han tvunget til å underskrive det berømte frihetsbrev Magna Charta 1215. Da Johan, med pavens billigelse, brøt overenskomsten, kom det til opprør, og han døde under striden.




John (of England), called John Lackland (1167-1216), King of England (1199-1216), best known for signing Magna Carta. John was born in Oxford on December 24, 1167, the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry provided for the eventual inheritance of his lands by his older sons before John was born, hence his nickname "Lackland". By 1186, however , only Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, and John were left as Henry's heirs. John had already turned Ireland against him when Henry sent him there as Lord of Ireland in 1185. In 1189, as Henry neared death, John joined Richard's rebellion against thei r father, and when Richard was crowned, he gave John many estates and titles. John tried but failed to usurp the crown while Richard was away on the Third Crusade, but upon returning to England, Richard forgave him. When his brother died in 1199 , John became king and lord of all the Angevin territories, without initially facing much opposition. However, a revolt ensued by the supporters of Arthur of Brittany, the son of John's brother, Geoffrey, partly caused by John's mistakes in handli ng his family. Arthur was defeated and captured in 1202, and John was widely believed to have had him murdered, turning many of his subjects against him. Philip II of France continued Arthur's war until John had to surrender nearly all his Frenc h possessions in 1204, after a flight to England that earned him a reputation for cowardice. He then began to build up monetary and political resources to regain the lost lands. In 1207 John refused to accept the election of Stephen Langton as Arc hbishop of Canterbury. Pope Innocent III then excommunicated him and began negotiating with Philip for the invasion of England that the French king himself had long planned. Desperate, John surrendered England to the pope and in 1213 receive d it back as a fief. Trying to regain his French possessions, he and his French and German allies were decisively defeated by Philip in the Battle of Bouvines of July 27, 1214, an event that greatly enhanced France's position in Europe and ende d John's ambitions there. John's reign had become increasingly tyrannical; to support his wars he had extorted money, raised taxes, and confiscated properties. Some modern authorities regard these policies as misrepresented efforts at sound admini strative reform, but they were certainly seen at the time as oppressive, and his barons finally united to force him to respect their historic rights and privileges. John had little choice but to sign Magna Carta, presented to him by his baron s at Runnymede in 1215, making him subject, rather than superior, to the law. However, John evidently regarded Magna Carta as exacted under duress and sought to evade its terms, and soon afterwards he and the barons were at war. He died at Newar k in Nottinghamshire on October 19, 1216, while still pursuing the campaign, and was succeeded by his son, Henry III.1

1"John (of England)," Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 99 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Occupation:
Hertug/Konge

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: England

Notes:

Henry III (of England) (1207-1272), king of England (1216-1272), son and successor of King John (Lackland), and a member of the House of Anjou, or Plantagenet. Henry ascended the throne at the age of nine, on the death of his father. During his mi nority the kingdom was ruled by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, as regent, but after his death in 1219 the justiciar Hubert de Burgh was the chief power in the government. During the regency the French, who occupied much of eastern England, wer e expelled, and rebellious barons were subdued. Henry was declared of age in 1227. In 1232 he dismissed Hubert de Burgh from his court and commenced ruling without the aid of ministers. He displeased the barons by filling government and Church offices with foreign favourites, many of them relat ives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, whom he married in 1236, and by squandering money on Continental wars, especially in France. In order to secure the throne of Sicily for one of his sons, Henry agreed to pay the pope a large sum. When the kin g requested money from the barons to pay his debt, they refused and in 1258 forced him to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, whereby he agreed to share his power with a council of barons. Henry soon repudiated his oath, however, with papal approva l. After a brief period of war, the matter was referred to the arbitration of Louis IX, king of France, who decided in Henry's favour in a judgment called the Mise of Amiens (1264). Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, accordingly led the baron s into war, defeated Henry at Lewes, and took him prisoner. In 1265, however, Henry's son and heir, Edward, later King Edward I, led the royal troops to victory over the barons at Evesham, about 40 km (25 mi) south of Birmingham. Simon de Montfor t was killed in the battle, and the barons agreed to a compromise with Edward and his party in 1267. From that time on Edward ruled England, and when Henry died, he succeeded him as king.1

1"Henry III (of England)," Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 99 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Occupation:
Konge