Family/Spouse: Konrad Der Rote Av SALIER. Konrad died in 955 in Lothringen. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Occupation:
hertug

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Occupation:
Greve

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1024 da slektningen Heinrich II døde. I 1046 ble han kronet til keiser i "The Holy Roman Empire" Conrad II (b. c. 990--d. June 4, 1039, Utrecht, Ger., Holy Roman Empire), German king (1024-39) and Holy Roman emperor (1027-39), founder of the Salian dynasty. During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had bEcome a viable institution . Since the survival of the monarchy was no longer primarily dependent on a compact between sovereign and territorial nobles, it was henceforth invulnerable to prolonged rebEllion on their part. Conrad was the son of Count Henry of Speyer, who had bEen passed over in his inheritances in favour of a younger brother. Henry was descended, through the marriage of his great-grandfather Conrad the Red to a daughter of Emperor Otto, from the Sax on house. Left poor, Conrad was brought up by the Bishop of Worms and did not receive much of a formal education; but, conscious of the deprivations suffered by him and his father, he matured early. Prudent and firm, he often displayed great chiva lry as well as a strong sense of justice, and he was determined to gain the status that fortune had denied him. In 1016 he married Gisela, the widowed duchess of Swabia and a descendant of Charlemagne. Conrad, however, was distantly related to Gis ela. When strict canonists took exception to the marriage, Emperor Henry II, who was jealous of the growth of Conrad's personal influence, used their findings as an excuse for forcing Conrad into temporary exile. The two men later became reconcile d, and, by the time Henry II died, in 1024, Conrad presented himself to the electoral assembly of the princes at Kamba on the Rhine as a candidate for the succession. After prolonged debates, the majority voted for him, and he was crowned kin g in Mainz on Sept. 8, 1024. Intelligent and genial, Conrad was also fortunate. Soon after his election, even the minority opposition was persuaded to pay their homage. Early in the following year, the sudden death of Boleslaw I the Brave of Poland, a tributary to the Germa n monarchy who had styled himself an independent king, spared Conrad the necessity of military interference. In Germany a rebEllion fomented by nobles and relatives of Conrad was joined by many lay princes of Lombardy; and, although the Italian bi shops paid homage at a court in Constance in June 1025, the lay princes sought to elect William of Aquitaine as antiking. But, when the King of France rEfused his support, the rebEllion collapsed. Early in 1026, Conrad was able to go to Milan, whe re Archbishop Ariberto crowned him king of Italy. After brief fighting, Conrad overcame the opposition of some towns and nobles and managed to reach Rome, where he was crowned emperor by Pope John XIX on Easter 1027. When a renewed rebEllion in Ge rmany forced him to return, he subdued the rebEls and imposed severe penalties on them, not sparing members of his own family. Conrad not only showed strength and incorruptible justice in maintaining his power but also displayed enterprise in legislation. He formally confirmed the popular legal traditions of Saxony and issued a new set of feudal constitutions for Lombardy . On Easter Sunday 1028, at an imperial court in Aachen, he had his son Henry elected and anointed king. In 1036 Henry was married to Kunigunde, the daughter of King Canute of England. Eventually, he became inseparable from his father and acte d as his chief counsellor. Thus, the succession was virtually assured, and the future of the new house looked bright. In the meantime, Conrad had bEen compelled, after all, to campaign against Poland in 1028. After severe fighting, Mieszko--Boleslaw's son and heir--was forced to make peace and surrender lands that Conrad's predecessor had lost. Even so, Conrad ha d to continue to campaign in the east, and in 1035 he subdued the heathen Liutitians. Although occupied intermittently in the east, Conrad was able to gain political triumphs in the west. Earlier, the childless king Rudolf of Burgundy had offered the succession to his crown to Emperor Henry II, who, however, died bEfore Rudolf. Thu s, when Rudolf died in 1032, he left his kingdom to Conrad over the opposition of the Burgundian princes, who two years later, on Aug. 1, 1034, paid homage to Conrad at Zürich. Although Conrad's relations with his son remained close, King Henry at times showed independent initiative. He once concluded a separate peace with King Stephen of Hungary and on another occasion gave his oath to Duke Adalbero of Carinthia neve r to side against him. Thus, when Conrad fell out with Adalbero in 1035, Henry's oath severely strained relations betwEen father and son. Conrad managed to overcome his son's partisanship only by humbling himself bEfore him. In the end, Conrad' s determination prevailed, and Adalbero was duly punished. In 1036 Conrad appeared for a second time in Italy, where he proceeded with equal vigour against his old ally, Archbishop Aribert of Milan. Italy was rent by dissensions betwEen the great princes, who, together with their vassals--the capitanei--h ad suppressed both knights and the burghers of the cities, the valvassores. Conrad upheld the rights of the valvassores, and, when Aribert, claiming to be the pEer of the emperor, rejected Conrad's legislative interference, Conrad had him arrested . Aribert managed to escape, however, and succeeded in raising a rebEllion in Milan. Through luck and skillful diplomacy, Conrad succeeded in isolating Aribert from his Lombard supporters as wEll as from his friends in Lorraine. Conrad was thus ab le to proceed in 1038 to southern Italy, where he installed friendly princes in Salerno and Anversa and appointed the German Richer as abbot of Monte Cassino. On his return to Germany the same year along the Adriatic coast, his army succumbed to a midsummer epidemic in which both his daughter-in-law and his stepson died. Conrad himself reached Germany safely and held several important courts in Solothur n (where his son Henry was invested with the kingdom of Burgundy), in Strassburg, and in Goslar. He fell ill during the following year (1039) and died. (P.Mu.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is no biography of Conrad II. The only useful treatment in English is G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, 2nd rev. ed., ch. 3-4 (1947). For important revision due to modern research, see T. Schieffer, "Heinrich II und Konrad II, " Deutsches Archiv, 8:384-437 (1951). An authoritative summary by M.L. Bulst-Thiele may be found in B. Gebhardt, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 9th ed., vol. 1, pp. 299-307 (1970). Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica

Occupation:
Konge og keiser

Family/Spouse: Gisela VON SWABEN. Gisela was born in Swaben; died in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1028, og keiser i 1046 i "The holy Roman Empire" Henry III (b. Oct. 28, 1017--d. Oct. 5, 1056, Pfalz Bodfeld, near Goslar, Saxony), duke of Bavaria (as Henry VI, 1027-41), duke of Swabia (as Henry I, 1038-45), German king (from 1039), and Holy Roman emperor (1046-56), member of the Salian dynast y. He was a powerful advocate of the Cluniac reform movement that sought to purify the Western Church in the 11th century, the last emperor able to dominate the papacy. Youth and marriage. Henry was the son of the emperor Conrad II and Gisela of Swabia. He was more thoroughly trained for his office than almost any other crown prince before or after. With the Emperor's approval, Gisela had taken charge of his upbringing, and she sa w to it that he was educated by a number of tutors and acquired an interest in literature. In 1036 Henry married Gunhilda (Kunigunde), the young daughter of King Canute of England, Denmark, and Sweden. Because her father had died shortly before, the union with this frail and ailing girl brought with it no political advantages. She die d in 1038, and the emperor Conrad died the following year. His 22-year-old successor as German king resembled him in appearance. From his mother Henry inherited much, especially her strong inclination to piety and church services. His accession to the throne, unlike that of his two predecessors, did no t lead to civic unrest, but his reign was burdensome from the beginning. Probably over questions of principle, the self-willed emperor quarrelled with the aging Gisela during her last years. He devoted his energies above all to the contemporary movement to bring an end to war among Christian princes, although his own policies were not always pacific. In possession of the duchies of Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Carinthia, he had att empted to carry on his father's policy of supremacy in the east and, in fact, attained sovereignty over Bohemia and Moravia. It may have been at this time that Henry, prematurely believing he had reached the zenith of his power, displayed openly, as if it were a matter of governmental policy, his leanings toward the clerical-reform party. Intending to re-create a theocr atic age like that of Charlemagne, he failed to realize that this could be done only as long as the papacy was powerless. (see also Index: church and state) Still a childless widower, he married Agnes, the daughter of William V of Aquitaine and Poitou, in 1043. The match must have been intended primarily to cement peace in the west and to assure imperial sovereignty over Burgundy and Italy, and Agnes ' total devotion to the church reform advocated by the Cluniac monasteries probably confirmed Henry in his decision to take her for his wife. In November 1050 she bore him a son, who later became the emperor Henry IV. There followed another boy , Conrad, and three daughters. What Henry still lacked was the highest honour--his coronation as emperor at the hands of the pope. Control of the papacy. When Henry reached Rome in 1046, three rivals were claiming the papacy. Henry wanted a pacified Italy, in which German supremacy was uncontested, and he wanted to receive the imperial crown from unsullied hands. He convoked a synod at Sutri, which , at his bidding, elected as the new pope a German, Suidger, bishop of Bamberg, who was inaugurated as Clement II. On the same day the new pope crowned the imperial couple. Rome became an imperial city, and the control over the church--i.e., the decisive vote in future conclaves--passed into the hands of the German king. In succeeding years Henry made use of this right to appoint a pope three more times. When the Nor mans were beginning their conquest of Calabria, Henry did not intervene to any extent in southern Italy; instead he left this problem to Pope Leo IX, who was defeated by the Normans. (see also Index: papacy) Believing that the basis of his power was secure, the Emperor expected to be as successful with his internal projects as he had been in foreign affairs; but this was not to be the case. He could not carry out his ecclesiastical reforms in German y or its neighbouring territories because he was virtually without friends among the clergy. He was increasingly opposed by the Scandinavian Church and by that of the Saxons. Also, he had to contend during most of his reign with Godfrey II, duk e of Upper Lorraine, whom he repeatedly pardoned instead of disciplining. There was unrest everywhere. In 1054-55, dukes Conrad of Bavaria and Welf III of Carinthia attempted to overthrow Henry's rule through a widely spread conspiracy, and only their demise saved him from great trouble. Conrad, who had fled to Hungary , managed to subvert that country to such an extent that German influence remained permanently weakened. Although resistance against him stiffened with time, Henry continued to rule with moderation. Perhaps because he was aware of a lessenin g of his powers, his actions became haphazard. Instead of holding on to duchies that he had inherited, he entrusted them to others; but he chose badly and seldom acted decisively against his disloyal feudatories. He no longer inspired fear in hi s opponents--the Saxon and south German lay nobility, the alliance between Lorraine and Tuscany, the increasingly independent papacy, and the adventure-seeking Normans. Opponents of the Emperor's policy thought it was excessively indulgent toward the church and hostile toward the lay princes. Some of this criticism was voiced among the ranks of the ecclesiastical reformers. Matters had come to such an impasse tha t Henry no longer pleased anyone. His demands on the people to support his military strength were heavy from the beginning, and his revenues from inheritances and confiscations were also considerable. If the empire's basic wealth did not increas e in his reign, it was because he used it to fulfill the demands of his clerical friends, even as he bestowed duchies on lay nobles in order to appease them. It is not surprising that, under these circumstances, he was compelled to find other sour ces of revenue by seeking credits, foreclosing mortgages, and looking after the interests of his treasury when conferring high imperial offices or church benefices. The abolition of simony (the sale of church offices) was difficult even for as hig h-principled a ruler as Henry, and, as a result, his enemies accused him of greed. According to some sources, in his old age Henry was rumoured to have become "untrue to himself " and inaccessible to the common people; he was reported to have refu sed to grant a judicial hearing to "the poor." In contrast, in the early years of his reign, he could not be praised enough for his zeal in the administration of justice. Disintegration of the empire. His change of personality may have resulted from the blunders and failures of his rule. After 1046 this man, shaped partly by religious ideals and partly by the harsh realities of political life, saw all his gains being swept away: northeastern Ge rmany, Hungary, southern Italy, and Lorraine. Even the part of his work that he considered his very own, church reform, began to turn against him. A high priest among men, who did penance even while ruthlessly persecuting and even hanging heretics , Henry learned at the end of his days that clemency, goodness, and earthly justice do not necessarily benefit a prince. On the other hand, it may have been a physical disease that changed Henry. In 1045 he was so tortured with illness that negotiations concerning the succession were begun. The bad tidings from all corners of the empire must have complicated his con dition. In September 1056 he fell sick in his favourite residence, the imperial palace at Bodfeld near Goslar, and, having assured the succession of his son Henry, he died in October. (H.L.M.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is no contemporary biography, English-language work, or detailed treatise on Henry III. Ernst Steindorff, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III, 2 vol. (1874-81), is still the only comprehensive treatment. See also Die Urkunde n Heinrichs III, ed. by Harry Bresslau and Paul Kehr (1931), vol. 5 in the "Monumenta Germaniae historica Series"; Paul Kehr, Vier Kapital aus der Geschichte Kaiser Heinrichs III (1931); Gerhart Ladner, Theologie und Politik vor dem Investiturstre it: Abendmahlstreit, Kirchenreform, Cluni und Heinrich III (1936, reprinted 1968); Ernst Mueller, Das Itinerar Kaiser Heinrichs III, 1039 bis 1056 (1901); Heinrich Appelt, "Heinrich III," Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. 8, pp. 313-315 (1969); Carol ine M. Ryley, Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3, pp. 272-308 (1922). Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica

Occupation:
konge og Keiser

Family/Spouse: Agnes Av AQUITAINE. Agnes (daughter of Willhem IV Av AQUITAINE) was born about 1024 in Aquitaine; died on 14 Dec 1077 in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Gunhild Knutsdtr Av DANMARK. Gunhild (daughter of Knut (Canute) II Den STORE and Emma Av NORMANDI) was born about 1015 in Danmark; died in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1053 og ble kronet til keiser i "The Holy Roman Empire" i 1084. Han var gift andre gang med Praxedis av Kiev, datter til Storfyrst Wsewolods av Kiev. Sønnene gjorde opprør mot ham og støttet paven. Sønnen Heinrich satte ham i fengs el.

Occupation:
konge og Keiser

Family/Spouse: Bertha VON SAVOY. Bertha was born in Savoy; died in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Occupation:
prinsesse

Family/Spouse: Friederich I VON HOHENSTAUFEN. Friederich was born about 1060 in Swaben; died in 1105. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1098 og keiser over "The Holy Roman Empire" i 1111.

Occupation:
konge og keiser

Heinrich married Mathilda Av ENGLAND in 1114. Mathilda (daughter of Henry I) was born in 1102 in England; died in 1167 in Frankrike. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Swaben

Notes:

From Britannicus: The nearest kinsmen of Henry V were his Hohenstaufen nephews--Frederick, duke of Swabia (1105-47), and his younger brother Conrad, the sons of Henry's sister Agnes and Frederick, the first Hohenstaufen duke of Swabia. Some form of election had alw ays been necessary to succeed to the crown, but, before the great civil war, nearness to the royal blood had been honoured whenever a dynasty failed in the direct line. By 1125, however, the princes, guided by Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz, no long er respected blood right. Affinity with Henry V was no recommendation to them, and hereditary succession seemed to lower their authority in the government of the Reich. Instead of Frederick they chose the duke of Saxony, Lothair of Supplingenbur g (reigned as king 1125-37, reigned as emperor 1133-37). Like the Hohenstaufen, he had risen by a lucky marriage and a successful career of continuous fighting into the first rank of dynasts; but, unlike them, he had served the cause of the Saxo n opposition to the Salians.

Occupation:
hertug

Family/Spouse: Judith VON WELF. Judith (daughter of Welf IV VON WELF) was born in Bayern, Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Conrad III (1093-1152), king of Germany (1138-1152), founder of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman emperors, a younger son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, who was Count of Hohenstaufen. Conrad's uncle, Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, appointed hi m Duke of Franconia in 1115 and a regent of Germany in 1116. Upon Henry's death in 1125 Conrad joined his brother Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, in unsuccessfully disputing the imperial election of Lothair II, Duke of Saxony, who was also electe d king of Germany. Conrad was elected king (or so-called antiking) of Germany in 1127. A war between the rivals ensued. Conrad went to Milan, where he was crowned king of Italy in 1128. The pope crowned Lothair as Holy Roman emperor in 1133 and tw o years later Conrad acknowledged Lothair as emperor. After Lothair's death in 1137 Conrad was again elected king of the Germans. Although the pope no longer rejected him, events in the empire prevented Conrad from receiving a formal coronatio n as Holy Roman emperor. Conrad's chief enemy was Lothair's son-in-law, Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who refused to submit to Conrad's authority. The centuries-long war between the Welf family, to which Henry belonged, and the Hohenstaufens, also know n as the Waiblingen, originated during Conrad's reign. Conrad's struggle with the Welfs and his other unsuccessful efforts to consolidate the empire were interrupted by the calling of the Second Crusade (1147-1149), in which he took a leading part . He was succeeded by his nephew, Duke Frederick of Swabia, who became emperor as Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa).1

1"Conrad III," Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 99 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Occupation:
keiser

Family/Spouse: Gertude VON SULZBACH. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Lothringen

Notes:

Occupation:
hertuginne

Family/Spouse: Matheus I VON LOTHRINGEN. Matheus (son of Simon I VON LOTHRINGEN and Adelheid Av SACHSEN) was born about 1110 in Lothringen; died in 1176. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire), called Frederick Barbarossa (c. 1123-1190), Holy Roman emperor and King of Germany (1152-1190), King of Italy (1155-1190), and, as Frederick III, Duke of Swabia (1147-1152, 1167-1168). He was born in Waiblingen, th e son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia, and the nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany. Conrad III, favouring Frederick over his own son, on his deathbed recommended to the German princes that Frederick be chosen for the German kings hip and the imperial throne. Accordingly, after the death of his uncle in 1152, Frederick Barbarossa was made German king and elected Holy Roman emperor. He conceived of his imperial title as a grant from God, through the German princes, and wishe d to restore the glory of the Roman Empire. He consequently decided to consolidate the imperial position in Germany and Italy and began by issuing a general order for peace among the princes of Germany, at the same time granting them extensive con cessions. In 1154 he proceeded to Italy, where he received the Lombard crown at Pavia. The following year he was crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope Adrian IV, whose authority Frederick had reinstated before his coronation. In 1156 Pope Adrian aroused Frederick against the papacy by implying in a letter to him that the emperor held lands only as a fief from the pope. Two years later Frederick incurred the hostility of the Lombards by demanding recognition of all hi s royal rights, including his power to appoint the imperial podesta, or governor, in every town. Such cities as Milan, Piacenza, Brescia, and Cremona considered that demand a denial of their communal liberties and in 1158 began a struggle that las ted until 1183 and required Frederick to lead five expeditions to Italy. Between 1158 and 1162 Frederick warred with Milan and its allies, subduing that city and confirming claims to other Italian cities. Meanwhile Frederick had set up a serie s of antipopes in opposition to the reigning pope, Alexander III, who espoused the cause of the Milanese and their allies and who, in 1165, excommunicated Frederick. By attacking the Leonine City in Rome in 1167-1168, Frederick was able to instal l one of the antipopes, Paschal III, on the papal throne. The Lombard League, consisting of the cities of Milan, Parma, Padua, Verona, Piacenza, Bologna, Cremona, Mantua, Bergamo, and Brescia, was formed in 1167 and eventually acknowledged Pope Al exander as leader. During the next seven years the league acquired military strength, rebuilt Milan, constructed the fortress city of Alessandria, and organized a federal system of administration. The fifth expedition (1174-1176) of Frederic k to Italy terminated in defeat by the Lombard League at Legnano. The defeat was significant in military history, because it was the first major triumph of infantry over a mounted army of feudal knights. Frederick was forced in 1177 to acknowledg e Alexander III as pope and in 1183 to sign the Peace of Constance, acceding to the demands of the Lombards for autonomy but retaining imperial suzerainty over the towns. Although imperial control in Italy was virtually ended by his defeat at Legnano, Frederick managed to enhance his prestige in central Europe. He made Poland tributary to the empire, raised Bohemia to the rank of a kingdom, and erected the margrava te of Austria into an independent hereditary duchy. His own power as emperor in Germany was firmly established in 1180, when he ended his long struggle with the Welfs by putting down a revolt led by the Welf Henry the Lion and depriving him of mos t of his lands. Frederick initiated the Third Crusade in 1189, and in the next year, having resigned the government of the empire to his son Henry, later Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, set out for Asia Minor. After gaining two great victories over the Muslims at Ph ilomelion (now Ak?ehir) and Iconium (now Konya), he was drowned in the Calycadnus (now Göksu) River in Cilicia (now in Turkey) on June 10, 1190.1

1"Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)," Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) 99 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Occupation:
konge og keiser

Family/Spouse: Beatrix VON BURGUND. Beatrix was born in Burgund; died in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Ober-Salm, Tyskland

Notes:

Occupation:
hertuginne

Family/Spouse: Heinrich III Zu OBER-SALM. Heinrich (son of Heinrivh VII Zu OBER-SALM and Maria Zu LUXEMBURG) was born in Ober-Salm, Tyskland; died in 1225. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Han ble konge i Tyskland i 1169 og keiser i "The Holy Roman Empire" etter sin far i 1191.

Occupation:
konge og Keiser

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Tyskland

Notes:

Han ble konge i 1198

Occupation:
Hertug av Swaben og Konge

Family/Spouse: Irene VON BYSANZ. Irene was born in Bysanz; died in Swaben. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Ober-Salm, Tyskland

Notes:

Occupation:
Greve

Family/Spouse: Adele VON BAR. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Wenzel I VON BÖHMEN. Wenzel was born in Böhmen, Tyskland; died in 1253 in Böhmen, Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Occupation:
dronning

Family/Spouse: Ferdinand III Av KASTILIEN. Ferdinand died in 1252 in Kastilien, Spania. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Occupation:
hertuginne - dronning

Family/Spouse: Otto IV Von Welf Av TYSKLAND. Otto (son of Heinrich Der Løve VON WELF) was born in Tyskland; died in 1218 in Tyskland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Ober-Salm, Tyskland

Notes:

Occupation:
Greve

Family/Spouse: Loreta VON CASTRO. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Occupation:
konge i Böhmen

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Occupation:
konge 1257-1284